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Cole (Bruce Willis) is sent back in time to save the human race from a deadly virus that has forced mankind into dank underground communities in the future. Along his travels, he encounters a psychiatrist (Madeleine Stowe) and a mental patient, brilliantly portrayed by Brad Pitt, who may hold the key to the mysterious rogue group, the Army of the 12 Monkeys, thought to be responsible for unleashing the killer disease. Believing he can obtain a pure virus sample in order to find a cure in the future, he is met with one riddle after another that puts him in a race with time. This sci-fi masterpiece from the genius mind of Terry Gilliam is a modern-day classic.

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Cole (Bruce Willis) is sent back in time to save the human race from a deadly virus that has forced mankind into dank underground communities in the future. Along his travels, he encounters a psychiatrist (Madeleine Stowe) and a mental patient, brilliantly portrayed by Brad Pitt, who may hold the key to the mysterious rogue group, the Army of the 12 Monkeys, thought to be responsible for unleashing the killer disease. Believing he can obtain a pure virus sample in order to find a cure in the future, he is met with one riddle after another that puts him in a race with time. This sci-fi masterpiece from the genius mind of Terry Gilliam is a modern-day classic.

    • Rent $3.99
    • Buy $14.99

Ratings and Reviews

551 Ratings

Terry Gilliam's violent dystopian masterpiece.

Cast & Crew

Cast
Bruce Willis
Brad Pitt
Madeleine Stowe
Director
Terry Gilliam
Producers
Charles Roven
Screenwriter
Janet Peoples
David Webb Peoples

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12 Monkeys
Directed byTerry Gilliam
Produced byCharles Roven
Screenplay by
Based onLa Jetée
by Chris Marker
Starring
Music byPaul Buckmaster
CinematographyRoger Pratt
Edited byMick Audsley
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
Running time
129 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$29.5 million
Box office$168.8 million[2]

12 Monkeys, also known as Twelve Monkeys, is a 1995 American neo-noirscience fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam, inspired by Chris Marker's 1962 short filmLa Jetée, and starring Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, and Brad Pitt, with Christopher Plummer and David Morse in supporting roles. After Universal Studios acquired the rights to remake La Jetée as a full-length film, David and Janet Peoples were hired to write the script.

Under Gilliam's direction, Universal granted the filmmakers a $29.5 million budget, and filming lasted from February to May 1995. The film was shot mostly in Philadelphia and Baltimore, where the story was set.

The film was released to critical praise and grossed $168 million worldwide. Pitt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and won a Golden Globe Award for his performance. The film also won and was nominated for various categories at the Saturn Awards.

  • 3Production
  • 4Themes
  • 5Release
  • 6Post-release

Plot[edit]

Full

A deadly virus released in 1996 wipes out almost all of humanity, forcing survivors to live underground. A group known as the Army of the Twelve Monkeys is believed to have released the virus. In 2035, James Cole is a prisoner living in a subterranean compound beneath the ruins of Philadelphia. Cole is selected to be trained and sent back in time to find the original virus in order to help scientists develop a cure. Meanwhile, Cole is troubled by recurring dreams involving a foot chase and shooting at an airport.

Cole arrives in Baltimore in 1990, not 1996 as planned. He is arrested, then hospitalized in a mental hospital on the diagnosis of Dr. Kathryn Railly. There he encounters Jeffrey Goines, a mental patient with fanatical views. Cole is interviewed by a panel of doctors, and he tries to explain that the virus outbreak has already happened, and nobody can change it. After an escape attempt, Cole is sedated and locked in a cell, but disappears moments later, and wakes up back in 2035. He is interrogated by the scientists, who play a distorted voicemail message that asserts the association of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys with the virus. He is also shown photos of numerous people suspected of being involved, including Goines. The scientists offer Cole a second chance to complete his mission and send him back in time. He arrives at a battlefield during World War I, is shot in the leg, and then is suddenly transported to 1996.

In 1996, Railly gives a lecture about the Cassandra complex to a group of scientists. At the post-lecture book signing, she meets a Dr. Peters, who tells her that apocalypse alarmists represent the sane vision, while humanity's gradual destruction of the environment is the real lunacy. Cole arrives at the venue after seeing flyers publicizing it, and when Railly departs, he kidnaps her and forces her to take him to Philadelphia. They learn that Goines is the founder of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys, and set out in search of him. When they confront him, Goines denies any involvement with the group and says that in 1990 Cole originated the idea of wiping out humanity with a virus stolen from Goines's virologist father.

About to be apprehended by police, Cole is transported back to 2035, where he reaffirms to the scientists his commitment to his mission. But when he finds Railly again in 1996, he tells her he now believes himself insane. Railly, meanwhile, has discovered evidence of his time travel, which she shows him. They decide to depart for the Florida Keys before the onset of the plague. On their way to the airport, they learn that the Army of the Twelve Monkeys was not the source of the epidemic; the group's major act of protest is releasing animals from a zoo and placing Goines's father in an animal cage.

At the airport, Cole leaves a last message telling the scientists that in following the Army of the Twelve Monkeys they are on the wrong track, and that he will not return. He is soon confronted by Jose, an acquaintance from his own time, who gives Cole a handgun and ambiguously instructs him to follow orders. At the same time, Railly spots Dr. Peters, and recognizes him from a newspaper photograph as an assistant at Goines's father's virology lab. Peters is about to embark on a tour of several cities that match the locations and sequence of the viral outbreaks.

Cole forces his way through a security checkpoint in pursuit of Peters. After drawing the gun he was given, Cole is fatally shot by police. As Cole lies dying in Railly's arms, Railly makes eye contact with a small boy—the young James Cole witnessing the scene of his own death, which will replay in his dreams for years to come. Peters, aboard the plane with the virus, sits down next to Jones, one of the scientists from the future.

Cast[edit]

  • Bruce Willis as James Cole
    • Joseph Melito as young James Cole
  • Madeleine Stowe as Kathryn Railly
  • Brad Pitt as Jeffrey Goines
  • Christopher Plummer as Dr. Leland Goines
  • David Morse as Dr. Peters
  • Jon Seda as Jose
  • Christopher Meloni as Lt. Halperin
  • Frank Gorshin as Dr. Fletcher
  • Vernon Campbell as Tiny
  • Lisa Gay Hamilton as Teddy
  • Bob Adrian as Geologist
  • Simon Jones as Zoologist
  • Carol Florence as Astrophysicist/Jones
  • Bill Raymond as Microbiologist
  • Annie Golden as Woman Cabbie
  • Thomas Roy as a street preacher

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

The genesis of 12 Monkeys came from executive producer Robert Kosberg, who had been a fan of the French short film La Jetée (1962). Kosberg persuaded the film's director, Chris Marker, to let him pitch the project to Universal Pictures, seeing it as a perfect basis for a full-length science fiction film. Universal reluctantly agreed to purchase the remake rights and hired David and Janet Peoples to write the screenplay.[3] Producer Charles Roven chose Terry Gilliam to direct, because he believed the filmmaker's style was perfect for 12 Monkeys' nonlinear storyline and time travel subplot.[4] Gilliam had just abandoned a film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities when he signed to direct 12 Monkeys.[5] The film also represents the second film for which Gilliam did not write or co-write the screenplay. Although he prefers to direct his own scripts, he was captivated by Peoples' 'intriguing and intelligent script. The story is disconcerting. It deals with time, madness and a perception of what the world is or isn't. It is a study of madness and dreams, of death and re-birth, set in a world coming apart.'[4]

Universal took longer than expected to approve 12 Monkeys, although Gilliam had two stars (Willis and Pitt) and a firm budget of $29.5 million (low for a Hollywood science fiction film). Universal's production of Waterworld (1995) had resulted in various cost overruns. To get 12 Monkeys approved for production, Gilliam persuaded Willis to lower his normal asking price.[6] Because of Universal's strict production incentives and his history with the studio on Brazil, Gilliam received final cut privilege. The Writers Guild of America was skeptical of the 'inspired by' credit for La Jetée and Chris Marker.[7]

Casting[edit]

Gilliam's initial casting choices were Nick Nolte as James Cole and Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey Goines, but Universal objected.[5] Gilliam, who first met Bruce Willis while casting Jeff Bridges' role in The Fisher King (1991), believed Willis evoked Cole's characterization as being 'somebody who is strong and dangerous but also vulnerable'.[4]

Gilliam cast Madeleine Stowe as Dr. Kathryn Railly because he was impressed by her performance in Blink (1994).[4] The director first met Stowe when he was casting his abandoned film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities.[5] 'She has this incredible ethereal beauty and she's incredibly intelligent', Gilliam said of Stowe. 'Those two things rest very easily with her, and the film needed those elements because it has to be romantic.'[4]

Gilliam originally believed that Pitt was not right for the role of Jeffrey Goines, but the casting director convinced him otherwise.[5] Pitt was cast for a comparatively small salary, as he was still relatively unknown at the time. By the time of 12 Monkeys' release, Interview with the Vampire (1994), Legends of the Fall (1994), and Se7en (1995) had been released, making Pitt an A-list actor, which drew greater attention to the film and boosted its box-office standing. In Philadelphia, months before filming, Pitt spent weeks at Temple University's hospital, visiting and studying the psychiatric ward to prepare for his role.[4]

Filming[edit]

Principal photography lasted from February 8 to May 6, 1995. Shooting on location in Philadelphia and Baltimore (including the Senator Theatre)[8][9] in winter was fraught with weather problems. There were also technical glitches with the futuristic mechanical props. Because the film has a nonlinear storyline, continuity errors occurred, and some scenes had to be reshot. Gilliam also injured himself when he went horseback riding. Despite setbacks, the director managed to stay within the budget and was only a week behind his shooting schedule. 'It was a tough shoot', acknowledged Jeffrey Beecroft (Mr. Brooks, Dances with Wolves), the production designer. 'There wasn't a lot of money or enough time. Terry is a perfectionist, but he was really adamant about not going over budget. He got crucified for Munchausen, and that still haunts him.'[8]

The filmmakers were not allowed the luxury of sound stages; thus, they had to find abandoned buildings or landmarks to use.[7] The exteriors of the climactic airport scene were shot at the Baltimore–Washington International Airport, while the interior scenes were shot at the Pennsylvania Convention Center (formerly Reading Terminal). Filming at the psychiatric hospital was done at the Eastern State Penitentiary.[10] Some shots took place in abandoned motels in Camden, New Jersey.[11][12]

Design[edit]

Gilliam used the same filmmaking style as he had in Brazil (1985), including the art direction and cinematography (specifically using fresnel lenses).[6] The appearance of the interrogation room where Cole is being interviewed by the scientists was based on the work of Lebbeus Woods; these scenes were shot at three different power stations (two in Philadelphia and one in Baltimore). Gilliam intended to show Cole being interviewed through a multi-screen interrogation TV set because he felt the machinery evoked a 'nightmarish intervention of technology. You try to see the faces on the screens in front of you, but the real faces and voices are down there and you have these tiny voices in your ear. To me that's the world we live in, the way we communicate these days, through technical devices that pretend to be about communication but may not be.'[13]

The art department made sure that the 2035 underground world would only use pre-1996 technology as a means to depict the bleakness of the future. Gilliam, Beecroft, and Crispian Sallis (set decorator) went to several flea markets and salvage warehouses looking for materials to decorate the sets.[4] The majority of visual effects sequences were created by Peerless Camera, the London-based effects studio that Gilliam founded in the late 1970s with visual effects supervisor Kent Houston (The Golden Compass, Casino Royale). Additional digital compositing was done by The Mill, while Cinesite provided film scanning services.[4]

Janet Maslin wrote in The New York Times, 'Since 12 Monkeys has the junk heap aesthetic that Mr. Gilliam favors, nothing in the film is sleek or foolproof, certainly not its time-travel apparatus.'[14]

Music[edit]

The film's score was composed, arranged, and conducted by English musician Paul Buckmaster. The main theme is based on Argentinetango musician/composer Astor Piazzolla's Suite Punta del Este.[15]

Themes[edit]

Memory, time, and technology[edit]

'Cole has been thrust from another world into ours and he's confronted by the confusion we live in, which most people somehow accept as normal. So he appears abnormal, and what's happening around him seems random and weird. Is he mad or are we?'
— Director Terry Gilliam[6]

12 Monkeys studies the subjective nature of memories and their effect on perceptions of reality. Examples of false memories include Cole's recollection of the airport shooting, altered each time he has the dream, and a 'mentally divergent' man at the asylum who has false memories.[16]

References to time, time travel, and monkeys are scattered throughout the film, including the Woody Woodpecker cartoon 'Time Tunnel' playing on the TV in a hotel room, the Marx Brothers film Monkey Business (1931) on TV in the asylum, and the subplots involving monkeys (drug testing, news stories and animal rights). The film is also intended to be a study of people's declining ability to communicate in modern civilization due to the interference of technology.[7]

Allusions to other films and media[edit]

12 Monkeys is inspired by the French short film La Jetée (1962); as in La Jetée, characters are haunted by the images of their own deaths.[10] Like La Jetée, 12 Monkeys contains references to Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958). Toward the end of the film, Cole and Railly hide in a theater showing a 24-hour Hitchcock marathon and watch a scene from Vertigo. Railly then transforms herself with a blonde wig, as Judy (Kim Novak) transforms herself into blonde Madeleine in Vertigo; Cole sees her emerge within a red light, as Scottie (James Stewart) saw Judy emerge within a green light.[10] Brief notes of Bernard Herrmann's film score can also be heard. Railly also wears the same coat Novak wore in the first part of Vertigo. The scene at Muir Woods National Monument, where Judy (as Madeleine) looks at the growth rings of a felled redwood and traces back events in her past life, resonates with larger themes in 12 Monkeys. Cole and Railly later have a similar conversation while the same music from Vertigo is repeated.[10] The Muir Woods scene in Vertigo is also reenacted in La Jetée. In a previous scene in the film, Cole wakes up in a hospital bed with the scientists talking to him in chorus. This is a direct homage to the 'Dry Bones' scene in Dennis Potter's The Singing Detective.[17]

James Cole is a notable Christ figure in film.[18][19] The film is significant in the genre of science-fiction film noir, and it alludes to various 'canonical noir' films.[20]

Release[edit]

Box office[edit]

12 Monkeys was given a limited release in the United States on December 29, 1995. When the 1,629-theater wide release came on January 5, 1996, the film earned $13.84 million in its opening weekend. 12 Monkeys eventually grossed $57,141,459 in the US and $111,698,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $168,839,459.[2] The film held the No. 1 spot on box office charts for two weeks in January, before dropping due to competition from From Dusk till Dawn, Mr. Holland's Opus and Black Sheep.[21]

12 Monkeys Full Movie In Hindi

Critical reception[edit]

Of 64 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 89% are positive, with an average rating of 7.53/10. The consensus reads: 'The plot's a bit of a jumble, but excellent performances and mind-blowing plot twists make 12 Monkeys a kooky, effective experience.'[22] By comparison, Metacritic calculated a 74 out of 100 rating, based on 20 reviews.[23] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of B on an A+ to F scale.[24]

The film's startling depiction of the world in 2035—where human life has been driven underground by a 1990s viral outbreak that annihilated 99% of human life—may not always make sense. But 12 Monkeys rattles with insightful sound and fury, and its bleak visions are hard to shake.

—Peter Stack, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle[25]

Roger Ebert found 12 Monkeys' depiction of the future similar to Blade Runner (1982; also scripted by David Peoples) and Brazil (1985; also directed by Terry Gilliam). 'The film is a celebration of madness and doom, with a hero who tries to prevail against the chaos of his condition, and is inadequate', Ebert wrote. 'This vision is a cold, dark, damp one, and even the romance between Willis and Stowe feels desperate rather than joyous. All of this is done very well, and the more you know about movies (especially the technical side), the more you're likely to admire it. And as entertainment, it appeals more to the mind than to the senses.'[26]

Desson Thomson of The Washington Post praised the art direction and set design. 'Willis and Pitt's performances, Gilliam's atmospherics and an exhilarating momentum easily outweigh such trifling flaws in the script', Thomson wrote.[27]Peter Travers from Rolling Stone magazine attributes the film's success to Gilliam's direction and Willis's performance.[28] Internet reviewer James Berardinelli believed the filmmakers had an intelligent and creative motive for the time-travel subplot. Rather than being sent to change the past, James Cole is instead observing it to make a better future.[29]Richard Corliss of Time magazine felt the film's time-travel aspect and apocalyptic depiction of a bleak future were clichés. 'In its frantic mix of chaos, carnage and zoo animals, 12 Monkeys is Jumanji for adults', Corliss wrote.[30]

Accolades[edit]

Supporting actor Brad Pitt was nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Jeffrey Goines.

Pitt was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, but lost to Kevin Spacey in The Usual Suspects. Costume designer Julie Weiss was also nominated for her work, but lost to James Acheson of Restoration.[31] Pitt won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture.[32]

Gilliam was honored for his direction at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival.[10]12 Monkeys received positive notices from the science fiction community. The film was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[33] and the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films awarded 12 Monkeys the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Pitt and Weiss also won awards at the 22nd Saturn Awards. Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, Gilliam and writers David and Janet Peoples received nominations.[34]

Home media[edit]

12 Monkeys Movie Online

Universal Studios Home Entertainment released 12 Monkeys on VHS on January 28, 1997.[35] They also released a 'Signature Collection' laserdisc of the film on February 18, 1997, containing an audio commentary by director Terry Gilliam and producer Charles Roven, The Hamster Factor and Other Tales of Twelve Monkeys (a making-of documentary), an archive of production art, and production notes.[36]They released a Collector's Edition DVD on March 31, 1998, containing the same extras as the laserdisc.[37] They released a Special Edition DVD on May 10, 2005, with a new transfer of the film and identical extras.[38] They released an HD DVD on March 4, 2008, with the same extras.[37] They released a Blu-ray Disc on July 28, 2009, with the same extras.[37] Arrow Films released a new Blu-Ray of the film on October 15, 2018, containing a new transfer of the film, remastered in 4K from the original negative, all of the previous extras, as well as a vintage 1996 interview with Terry Gilliam, and an interview with Gilliam scholar Ian Christie.[39]

Post-release[edit]

Lebbeus Woods lawsuit[edit]

In the beginning of the film, Cole is brought into the interrogation room and told to sit in a chair attached to a vertical rail on the wall. A sphere supported by a metal armature is suspended directly in front of him, probing for weaknesses as the inquisitors interrogate him.[40] Architect Lebbeus Woods filed a lawsuit against Universal in February 1996, claiming that his work 'Neomechanical Tower (Upper) Chamber' was used without permission. Woods won his lawsuit, requiring Universal to remove the scenes, but he ultimately allowed their inclusion in exchange for a 'high six-figure cash settlement' from Universal.[40][41]

Trilogy claims[edit]

Actor Aaron Stanford, who portrays the role of James Cole in the television adaptation.

After the release of The Zero Theorem in 2013, claims were made that Gilliam had meant it as part of a trilogy. A 2013 review for The Guardian newspaper said, 'Calling it [The Zero Theorem] the third part of a trilogy formed by earlier dystopian satires Brazil and Twelve Monkeys [sic]';[42] but in an interview with Alex Suskind for Indiewire in late 2014, Gilliam said, 'Well, it's funny, this trilogy was never something I ever said, but it's been repeated so often it's clearly true [laughs]. I don't know who started it but once it started it never stopped'.[43]

TV adaptation[edit]

On August 26, 2013, Entertainment Weekly announced that Syfy was developing a 12 Monkeys television series based on the film. Production began in November 2013. The pilot was written by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett, who had written for the series Terra Nova. Due to the series being labeled as 'cast contingent', the series did not move forward until the roles of Cole and Goines were cast.[44] In April 2014, Syfy green-lighted the first season, which consisted of 13 episodes, including the pilot filmed in 2013. The series premiered on January 16, 2015.[45] On March 12, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season that began airing in April 2016.[46] On June 29, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season, set to premiere in 2017.[47] In a surprising move, the entire third season aired over three consecutive nights. A fourth and final season was announced on March 16, 2017. The eleven-episode fourth season ran from June 15 to July 6, 2018 for four straight weeks.[48]

References[edit]

  1. ^'TWELVE MONKEYS (15)'. British Board of Film Classification. February 1, 1996. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  2. ^ ab'12 Monkeys'. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  3. ^Chris Nashawaty (July 28, 2006). 'They Call Him Mr. Pitch'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  4. ^ abcdefghDVD production notes
  5. ^ abcdIan Christie; Terry Gilliam (1999). Gilliam on Gilliam. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 220–225. ISBN0-571-20280-2.
  6. ^ abcChristie, Gilliam, pp.226–230
  7. ^ abcTerry Gilliam, Charles Roven, DVD audio commentary, 1998, Universal Home Video.
  8. ^ abJill Gerston (December 24, 1995). 'Terry Gilliam: Going Mainstream (Sort Of)'. The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  9. ^Jeff Gordinier (May 19, 1995). 'Brass Bald'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  10. ^ abcdeChristie, Gilliam, pp. 231–233
  11. ^DeLuca, Heather. '6 Awesome Movies Shot in New Jersey'. SoJO 104.9. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  12. ^Olivier, Bobby. '41 blockbuster movies you didn't know filmed in New Jersey'. NJ.com. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  13. ^Nick James (April 1996). 'Time and the Machine'. Sight and Sound. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  14. ^Maslin, Janet (December 27, 1995). 'FILM REVIEW A Time Traveler With Bad News'. The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  15. ^'Suite Punta del Este'. Ástor Piazzolla. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  16. ^Terry Gilliam, Charles Roven, DVD audio commentary, 1998, Universal Home Video.
  17. ^'SALON Reviews:12 Monkeys'. Salon. Archived from the original on May 31, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  18. ^Kozlovic, Anton Karl. 'The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ-figure'. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. Archived from the original on February 23, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  19. ^Christopher McKittrick (2011), 'Blasphemy in the Name of Fantasy: The Films of Terry Gilliam in a Catholic Context', in Regina Hansen (ed.), Roman Catholicism in Fantastic Film, McFarland, pp. 34–35, ISBN978-0-7864-8724-0
  20. ^Jamaluddin Bin Aziz (January 2005), 'Future Noir', Transgressing Women: Investigating Space and the Body in Contemporary Noir Thrillers, Lancaster University
  21. ^'Twelve Monkeys'. The Numbers. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  22. ^'12 Monkeys'. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  23. ^'12 Monkeys (1995): Reviews'. Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  24. ^'CinemaScore 12 MONKEYS (1995) B'. cinemascore.com.
  25. ^Stack, Peter (5 January 1996). ''12 Monkeys' Is Not Exactly a Barrel of Laughs / Willis, Pitt in grimy futuristic thriller about killer virus. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  26. ^Roger Ebert (January 5, 1996). '12 Monkeys'. Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  27. ^Desson Howe (January 5, 1996). 'Gilliam's Barrel of 'Monkeys' Shines'. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  28. ^Peter Travers (January 1, 1995). '12 Monkeys'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  29. ^James Berardinelli. 'Twelve Monkeys'. ReelViews. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  30. ^Richard Corliss (January 8, 1996). 'Back To The Bleak Future'. Time. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  31. ^'The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners'. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  32. ^'12 Monkeys'. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  33. ^'1996 Hugo Awards'. The Hugo Awards Organization. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
  34. ^'Past Saturn Awards'. Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  35. ^https://www.amazon.com/12-Monkeys-VHS-Bruce-Willis/dp/6304080921
  36. ^'LaserDisc Database – 12 Monkeys [42923]'. lddb.com. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  37. ^ abc'12 Monkeys (Special Edition) (1996)'. Amazon.com. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  38. ^'12 Monkeys: Special Edition'. DVD Talk. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  39. ^'Twelve Monkeys Blu-ray – Arrow Films'. arrowfilms.com. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  40. ^ ab'Copyright Casebook: 12 Monkeys – Universal Studios and Lebbeus Woods'. Benedict.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  41. ^Woods v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 920 F.Supp. 62 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)
  42. ^Pulver, Andrew (September 2, 2013). 'Terry Gilliam blames internet for the breakdown in 'real relationships''. The Guardian. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  43. ^Alex Suskind (September 17, 2014). 'Interview: Terry Gilliam On The Zero Theorem, Avoiding Facebook, Don Quixote And His Upcoming Autobiography'. IndieWire. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
  44. ^Lynette Rice (August 26, 2013). 'SyFy orders '12 Monkeys' pilot'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  45. ^Bibel, Sara (April 4, 2014). 'Syfy Greenlights 12 Episodes of '12 Monkeys' (Updated)'. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  46. ^Roots, Kimberly (March 12, 2015). '12 Monkeys Renewed for Season 2'. TVLine. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  47. ^Abrams, Natalie (June 29, 2016). '12 Monkeys renewed for season 3 — exclusive'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  48. ^Natalie Abrams (March 16, 2017). ''12 Monkeys' Renewed for Fourth and Final Season'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 16, 2017.

External links[edit]

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